Enduring Guardian

This is a “plain English” summary of the main sections of the Guardianship Act 1987 (NSW) – it is not a substitute for the terms of the Act itself, but may serve as a useful reference source – recourse should always be had to the exact terms of the Act.

The information contained in the summary was current as at 20 August 2009, but may have changed since then.

You should check the most recent version of the Act which can be found at:
http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/


Principles

Section 4 sets out the principles of guardianship, Section 4 states:

“ It is the duty of everyone exercising functions under this Act with respect to persons who have disabilities to observe the following principles:
(a) the welfare and interests of such persons should be given paramount consideration,
(b) the freedom of decision and freedom of action of such persons should be restricted as little as possible,
(c) such persons should be encouraged, as far as possible, to live a normal life in the community,
(d) the views of such persons in relation to the exercise of those functions should be taken into consideration,
(e) the importance of preserving the family relationships and the cultural and linguistic environments of such persons should be recognised,
(f) such persons should be encouraged, as far as possible, to be self-reliant in matters relating to their personal, domestic and financial affairs,
(g) such persons should be protected from neglect, abuse and exploitation,
(h) the community should be encouraged to apply and promote these principles. ”


The difference between “a guardian” and “an enduring guardian”

“An enduring guardian” is a guardian that is appointed by you at a time when you are not in need of guardian, in anticipation of needing a guardian at some future time.

“A guardian” is used throughout the Act to mean both and enduring guardian, and/or a guardian that is appointed by the Supreme Court or the Guardianship Tribunal at a time when you are in need of a guardian. However, in sections 7 to 25U “a guardian” means only a guardian that is appointed by the Supreme Court or the Guardianship Tribunal at a time when you are in need of a guardian.

To avoid confusion, this document uses the terms “enduring guardian” when referring to an enduring guardian only, “Court appointed guardian” when referring to a guardian appointed by the Supreme Court or the Guardianship Tribunal as distinct from an enduring guardian, and “guardian” when referring to a power or restriction that applies to both.


Who can be an Enduring Guardian

Your enduring guardian(s) must be over 18, and must not be paid to provide medical services, accommodation, or other "daily living" services to you or be related to such a person, at the time they are appointed.[1]


Technical Requirements

The appointment of your enduring guardian(s) must be done in writing.[2]

The document must be to the effect of the form contained in schedule 1 to the Guardianship Regulations 2005 (NSW).[3]

The document must be signed by you and accepted and signed by your enduring guardian(s).[4]

All signatures must be witnessed by a suitably qualified witness.[5]

It must be certified that all signatures were voluntary and that the persons signing understood the effect of the document.[6]


More than One Enduring Guardian

You may appoint more than one enduring guardian.[7]

If they are appointed to act jointly and severally they may act jointly or severally and the loss of one enduring guardian does not terminate the guardianship of the others, unless otherwise provided in the document.[8]

You may give different powers, duties, or responsibilities to each enduring guardian, in which case they are taken to be appointed severally.[9]

Unless the document states otherwise, if the enduring guardians are appointed to act jointly, the loss of one enduring guardian will terminate the enduring guardianship.[10] However, if this is what you wish to occur, then due to the contents of section 6D(6)-(8) you should specifically state this in the document.


Substitute Guardian

You may appoint an alternative enduring guardian, who will only be appointed as an enduring guardian on the loss of any other enduring guardian.[11]

The appointment must be accepted by the alternative enduing guardian, and witnessed and certified in the same manner as the appointment of an enduring guardian.[12]


Scope of Power

The appointment only has effect at such times as you are “in need of a guardian”.[13] [14]

Depending on the content of the document, your enduring guardian(s) will be able to decide where you live, decide what healthcare you receive, decide what personal services you receive, give consent to medical or dental treatment, and perform any other functions relating to "your person" specified in the document.[15]

You can place any conditions or limitations on your enduring guardian(s) power by specifying those conditions or limitations in the document. This includes excluding authority to exercise a function, as well as giving directions as to how a function is to be exercised.[16] You can extend (as well as restrict) the authority of your enduring guardian(s) by specifically stating so.[17]

Your enduring guardian(s) is/are authorised by the act to, on your behalf “sign and do all such things as are necessary to give effect to any function of the enduring guardian.”[18]


Marriage

The appointment of your enduring guardian(s) is automatically revoked by marriage.[19]


Resignation by your enduring guardian(s)

Your enduring guardian(s) may resign their appointment by giving written notice to you at any time that you are not in need of a guardian, or otherwise with the approval of the Guardianship Tribunal.[20]

The notice must be in writing.[21]

The notice must be to the effect of the form contained in schedule 3 to the Guardianship Regulations 2005 (NSW).[22]

The notice must be signed by the enduring guardian who is resigning.[23]

The signature must be witnessed by a suitably qualified witness.[24]


Review

The appointment of your enduring guardian(s) can be reviewed by either the Guardianship Tribunal or the Supreme Court. This power of review includes the power to confirm or revoke the appointment of your enduring guardian(s), and the power to substitute an alternative enduring guardian where one of your enduring guardian(s) is not willing or able to act as your guardian.[25]

An application may be brought by any person who “has a genuine concern for the welfare of the appointor”.[26]

When making orders, the tribunal must have regard to the principles set out in section 4 of the Act.[27]


Questions of Capacity

If there is a question as to whether a person is in need of a guardian, this is usually resolved by obtaining a medical opinion on that issue.[28] However, where there is a difference of opinion this can be determined by the Tribunal.[29]


Guardianship Orders

The Supreme Court and the Guardianship Tribunal have extensive powers to order the appointment of a Court appointed guardian, and with respect to that appointment.[30] An application for a guardianship order may be brought by you, the Public Guardian, or “any other person who, in the opinion of Tribunal, has a genuine concern for the welfare of the person.”[31]

If a guardianship order is made the authority of your appointed enduring guardian(s) will be suspended for the duration of the order.[32]


Directions

A guardian may seek directions from the tribunal if they are unsure how to discharge their duty.[33] A copy of any such request must be given to you and the Public Guardian.[34] In making a direction the tribunal must consider your views and your enduring guardian(s) views, as well as preserving existing family relationships.[35] Your enduring guardian(s) is/are protected against liability for breach of duty by obtaining such a direction.[36]


Medical and Dental Treatment

The provisions of the Act relating to Medical and Dental Treatment apply to both an enduring guardian and a Court appointed guardian.

The purpose of empowering a guardian to consent to medical and dental treatment is to ensure that beneficial treatment is given.[37]

Non-intrusive diagnostic examinations, first- aid treatment, or administering non-prescription drugs is not, for the purposes of the act, medical or dental treatment.[38]

“Special treatment” is treatment that would render you permanently infertile or treatment that is not widely supported (unconventional)[39], treatment that involves the administration of a drug addiction over a sustained period (unless you are suffering from cancer or are terminally ill), abortion, "vasectomy or tubal occlusion", and "aversive stimulus" treatment such as "shock treatment".[40]

You are incapable of giving consent to medical or dental treatment if you cannot understand the general nature and affect of the treatment or indicate whether or not you consent to that treatment.[41]

If you indicate by any means that you do not want the treatment to be carried out then you are taken to object to the treatment unless you subsequently indicate that you do not object.[42]

In the event your enduring guardian (or a court appointed guardian) declines or is unable to make a decision as to treatment, the person that may make that decision is your current spouse, failing that the person who is responsible for your care[43], and failing that a close friend or relative.[44] This is particularly important if you no longer have any enduring guardian(s) , or if the appointments have been revoked by marriage or otherwise terminated.

Consent to treatment in a clinical trial, or “Special Treatment”, may only be given by the Guardianship Tribunal or Supreme Court.[45]

There are some limited circumstances in which treatment may be given without consent. Generally it must be either urgent or minor in nature.[46]

In order to consent the person, court, or tribunal, making the decision must be given information relevant to that decision, and must take account of that information and your views.[47] The Tribunal must conduct a hearing, and must also take account of your guardian(s) views.[48] Further, the tribunal must be satisfied the treatment is the “most appropriate form of treatment for promoting and maintaining the patient’s health and well-being”.[49]

In the case of special treatment the tribunal must also be satisfied that it is “necessary: (a) to save the patient’s life, or (b) to prevent serious damage to the patient’s health”[50], or in the case of treatment that renders you infertile, or unconventional dosages of drugs, or androgen reducing behaviour controlling drugs, that “the treatment is the only or most appropriate way of treating the patient and is manifestly in the best interests of the patient”.[51]

In order approve a clinical trial the tribunal must be satisfied that the trial is for the treatment of your condition, does not involve substantial risk or more risk than current treatments, is safety wise and ethically appropriate, is in the best interests of the patients, and has been ethically approved. Consent still needs to be individually obtained.[52]

Consent cannot be given by your guardian to any treatment if the treatment is not for the purpose of “promoting or maintaining” your “health and well-being”.[53]

Consent cannot be given by your guardian if you object to the treatment, unless you have “minimal or no understanding of what the treatment entails” and the treatment will at worst only cause reasonably tolerable, temporary distress.[54]

The Tribunal may authorise your guardian to override your objection, but only if your objection would arise out of “a lack of understanding of the nature of, or reason for, the treatment”, and your guardian must be satisfied the treatment is “manifestly in the best interests” of you.[55]


The regulations, and in particular Regulations 8 to 13 contain further details relating to the operation of guardianship, and in particular medical and dental treatment, including definitions of categories of treatment (such as special, major, or minor treatment). These regulations are important because they determine the type of consent (and from whom) that is required for the different procedures, including what procedures can be carried out without your consent in certain circumstances, and what procedures can only be consented to by the tribunal, or in writing. You should read through these regulations, and if you have any questions you should ask your solicitor. In the event your enduring guardian becomes necessary they should also refer to these regulations and the relevant sections of the act for guidance.

A copy of the act and regulations can be found at the following links:

Guardianship Act 1987 (NSW) http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/act+257+1987+cd+0+N

Guardianship Regulation 2005 (NSW)
http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/subordleg+454+2005+cd+0+N


If you are concerned about any of these powers then you should consider placing directions and restrictions in the document appointing your enduring guardians and/or making and advance care directive.


Revoking Appointment of Enduring Guardian(s)

The appointment cannot be revoked if you do not understand the effect of doing so.[56]

This will commonly mean that at the very time that a guardian is needed, you are no longer able to change your mind on who that will be.

The revocation of the appointment of your enduring guardian(s) must be done in writing.[57]

The revocation document must be to the effect of the form contained in schedule 2 to the Guardianship Regulations 2005 (NSW).[58]

The revocation document must be signed by you.[59]

The signature must be witnessed by a suitably qualified witness.[60]

It must be certified that your signature was voluntary and that you understood the effect of the document.[61]

Written notice must be given to the guardian whose appointment is being revoked.[62]


Questions

If you have any questions that have not been addressed by this document, or any other questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.



Some specific things to think about


Why do you want/need to appoint an enduring guardian?


What do you want/need your enduring guardian(s) to be able to do?


What don’t you want/need your enduring guardian(s) to be able to do?


How and in what areas are your views different to or likely to be different to those of your enduring guardian(s)?


How will you ensure that your enduring guardian(s) put your interests (and preferences) first?



__________________________________

[1] Sn 6B
[2] Sn 6
[3] Sn 6C(1)(a)
[4] Sn 6C(1)(b)&(c)
[5] Sn 6C(1)(d)
[6] Sn 6C(1)(e)
[7] Sn 6D
[8] Sn 6D (2)
[9] Sn 6D (3)
[10] Sn 6D (4)&(5)
[11] Sn 6DA
[12] Sn 6DA(2)
[13] Sn 6A
[14] “Person in need of a guardian means a person who, because of a disability, is totally or partially incapable of managing his or her person.” - Sn 3(1)
See 3(2) for the definition of a person who has a disability – it essentially means "restricted in one or more meaningful life activities to such an extent that he or she requires supervision or social habilitation.”

[15] Sn 6E(1)
[16] Sn 6E(2)&(3)
[17] Sn 6E(1)(e)
[18] Sn 6F
[19] Sn 6HA
[20] Sn 6HB(1)
[21] Sn 6HB(1)(a)
[22] Sn 6HB(2)(a)
[23] Sn 6HB(2)(b)
[24] Sn 6HB(2)(c)
[25] Sns 6J-6O, see esp Sns 6K, 6M, and 6MA
[26] Sn 6J(1)(b)
See section 3F for persons who are parties to proceedings, depending on the type of proceedings.
[27] See pg 1 for content of Sn 4
[28] Sn 6N
[29] Sn 6K(1)(b) and Sn 6M
[30] Sns 7-25U
[31] Sn 9
[32] Sn 6I
[33] Sn 26
[34] Sn 27
[35] Sn 28(2)
[36] Sn 30
[37] Sn 32
[38] Sn 33
[39] Sn 33
[40] Reg 8
[41] Sn 33(2)
[42] Sn 33(3)
[43] The term used, “Having the care of another person”, is defined in section 3D - essentially it includes providing domestic services and support as well as arranging for the provision of services and support, and a guardian does not stop having the care of another person simply because that person resides in an institution such as a nursing home.
[44] Sn 33A(4)&(5)
Section 3E defines “close friend or relative” - essentially it requires “a close personal relationship through frequent personal contact and a personal interest in the other person's welfare” without receiving remuneration or having a financial interest in the care of the person (not including a carer's pension).
[45] Sn 36
[46] Sn 37
[47] Sns 40 & 42
[48] Sn 44
[49] Sn 45(1)
[50] Sn 45(2)
[51] Sn 45(3)
[52] Sn 45AA
[53] Sn 46(2)(b)
[54] Sn 46(2)(a)&(4)
[55] Sn 46A
[56] Sn 6H(2)(a)
[57] Sn 6H(1)
[58] Sn 6H(2)(b)
[59] Sn 6H(2)(c)
[60] Sn 6H(2)(c1)
[61] Sn 6H(2)(c2)
[62] Sn 6H(2)(d)

Powers of Attorney

This is a “plain English” summary of the main sections of the Powers of Attorney Act 2003 (NSW) – it is not a substitute for the terms of the Act itself, but may serve as a useful reference source – recourse should always be had to the exact terms of the Act.

The information contained in the summary was current as at 30 July 2009, but may have changed since then.

You should check the most recent version of the Act which can be found at
http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/


Who can be an Attorney

Your appointed attorney will not (at the relevant time) to be your attorney if:
1. You revoke their appointment;
2. They renounce their power;
3. They die;
4. They become bankrupt;
5. If a corporation, it is dissolved; or
6. They lose capacity to act as an attorney.[1]

Scope of Power

Your attorney will be able to enter into financial transactions and agreements on your behalf.[2]

You can place any conditions or limitations on your attorney's power by specifying those conditions or limitations in the power of attorney document.[3] You can extend (as well as restrict) the operation of your power of attorney by specifically stating so.

If you do not state any conditions or limitations in the power of attorney document your attorney will have a broad power and authority to do anything that you may authorise an attorney to do, subject only to the limitations contained in the Powers of Attorney Act.[4]


Limitations in the Act

Unless the power of attorney document states so, an attorney is not authorised to use your property to give gifts.[5]

Unless the power of attorney document states so, an attorney is not authorised to be paid or obtain any other benefit from your property.[6]

Unless the power of attorney document states so, an attorney is not authorised to pay, or give any other benefit to, any other person - other than as a result of a commercial transaction.[7]

The Act (and the standard form) sets out certain phrases that may be used to give the attorney a limited authority in relation to these matters. If those phrases are used you should read schedule 3 of the act to understand the extent and limits of those powers.

The Act contains other limitations, some of which are dealt with in this document.


Ordinary Power of Attorney

The authority of an attorney under an ordinary (non-enduring) power of attorney is limited to acts that are within your capacity to understand at the time the act is done.[8]


Enduring Power of Attorney

In order to create an enduring power of attorney the power of attorney document must state that it will continue to be effective even if at some time in the future you lack the mental capacity to understand the nature of acts it authorises the attorney to undertake, it must be properly witnessed, and its effect must be explained to you and understood by you.[9]

An enduring power of attorney is not effective until it is accepted by the attorney.[10]

An enduring power of attorney authorises the attorney to undertake acts within the scope of the power granted, even if you are unable, through mental incapacity, to understand the nature of the act at the time is undertaken. [11]

In the event your will gives rights to property and that property is dealt with by an attorney under an enduring power of attorney prior to conferral of that benefit, the beneficiary retains an equivalent interest in the property arising from at dealing (to the extent that any such property remains at the time of your death).[12] The effect of this may (on request) be amended by the Supreme Court if it is unintentionally unjust or disproportionate.[13]


Marriage and Other Circumstances

A power of attorney (ordinary or enduring) will continue to operate even after you marry, and even if there are significant changes in your personal circumstances. Unless the power of attorney document states otherwise, the power will continue to be valid until it is revoked, or otherwise terminated by a change in the circumstances of the attorney.


Review

A power of attorney can be reviewed by either the Guardianship Tribunal or the Supreme Court.[14]

An application may be brought by you, an attorney, your guardian, or any other person with “a proper interest in the proceedings or a genuine concern for the welfare of the principle”.[15]

When making orders relating to the “operation and effect” of the power, the tribunal must be satisfied “that it would be in the best interests of the principal to do so or that it would better reflect the wishes of the principal".[16]


Directions

An attorney may seek advice or direction from the tribunal if the attorney is unsure how to discharge their duty, and is protected against liability for breach of duty by obtaining such a direction.[17]

The Supreme Court’s powers extend to making decisions when you cannot be contacted.[18]


How to Use a Power of Attorney

An attorney is authorised to execute documents on your behalf with their own signature and in their own name.[19]

If you want your attorney to be able to delegate any powers you have given them this must be stated in the power of attorney document.[20]

If more than one attorneys are appointed as “joint attorneys”, the power can only be exercised by them all in agreement, and the loss of one attorney accordingly terminates the power of attorney.[21]

Alternatively, if more than one attorneys are appointed “severally, or jointly and severally”, then the power is exercisable by any one of them alone, and is not terminated by the loss of any one attorney.[22]


Registration

You are not required to register your power of attorney, however a power of attorney can be registered with the Land and Property Information Division (LPI) of the NSW Department of Lands, (in which case a number will be given and recorded on the power, which can be checked, and a revocation can be registered against that number).

A power of attorney must be registered for an attorney to act on transactions affecting land.[23]


Revoking a Power of Attorney

If you do revoke your power of attorney you must notify your attorneys, as they may continue to act in reliance on the power given to them if not notified.[24]

If you are at all concerned about your attorney continuing to act even after notified, you should register the power and the revocation, as unaware third parties are entitled to rely on the power, even if revoked.[25]

Attorneys should also be aware that acting on a power that they know is terminated or suspended is punishable by imprisonment of up to 5 years.[26]


Spare Copies

For instructions on how to authenticate a copy of the power of attorney document, see section 44 of the Act.


Other Information

You should also read and understand the notes to the standard power of attorney found in schedule 2 of the Act, and if any prescribed terms are used, the notes to those terms found in schedule 3 of the Act.

Some specific things to think about


Why do you want/need a power of attorney?


What do you want/need your attorney(s) to be able to do?


What don’t you want/need your attorney(s) to be able to do?


How and in what areas are your views different to or likely to be different to those of your attorney(s)?


How will you ensure that your attorney(s) put your interests (and preferences) first?

____________________

[1] Sn 5
[2] Sn 9
[3] Sn 9
[4] Sn 9
[5] Sn 11
[6] Sn 12
[7] Sn 13
[8] Sn 18
[9] Sn 19
[10] Sn 20
[11] Sn 21
[12] Sn 22
[13] Sn 23
[14] Sns 26-42, see esp Sns 31, 33, 35, 36, and 42
[15] Sn 35
[16] Sn 36(4)
[17] Sn 38
[18] Sn 42
[19] Sn 43
[20] Sn 45
[21] Sn 46
[22] Sn 46
[23] Sns 51 and 52
[24] Sn 47
[25] Sn 48
[26] Sn 49

Value for Money - Things you should consider before seeing a Lawyer

Section 56(1) of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 states:
“The overriding purpose of this Act and of rules of court, in their application to civil proceedings, is to facilitate the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the proceedings.”

The remainder of that section provides that the court, the parties, and their representatives, are under a duty to give effect to and further the overriding purpose.

The key to the “just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues” is being clear on and understanding the nature and scope of “the real issues”.


In other words, in order to bring about the most satisfactory resolution of the matter, it is necessary to understand the real problem, that is, what really matters to you. It is also necessary to be clear on the function that you require your lawyer to fulfil.


Accordingly, the following questions should be considered before instructing a lawyer to act:

What is your situation?
- What is the background
- What went wrong / Why are you instructing a lawyer to act
- What is the problem / What needs fixing

How does this affect you?
- What does it mean for you
- What is it stopping you from doing

What are you worried about?
- What are your needs / primary concerns

What do you want to achieve?
- What you want out of it (result/outcome)
- What is your best result
- What is your worst result
- What will you be happy with / can you live with as a positive result
- What will you be happy with / can you live with as a negative result

Why do you think you need a lawyer / specifically need a lawyer's help?
- What don't you know / can't you do that you need a lawyer to do for you

What do you want your lawyer to do for you?
- What do you hope to achieve from your relationship with your lawyer
Minimum cost
Minimum time
Minimum effort
Make it go away
Enable/facilitate your carriage of the matter
Information / advice
Enable/facilitate resolution
Avoid in the future
Pursuit of legal rights / moral vindication
Other

What is the most productive way to use your lawyer's time/expertise?
- What is the actual problem that needs solving (not always just $, or just this case)
- Is there a problem beyond the problem / this case, or is it strictly about this case only
- Is there any value to be gained beyond this case that would justify additional cost and expense or should the case be abandoned / run in a minimalistic fashion
- Is there a more productive way for your lawyer to spend their time apart from on this case (e.g. revising/redrafting systems and documentation)
- How much of the work involved do you want your lawyer to do and how much do you want to (and can you) do yourself or through a third-party at a cheaper rate (e.g. document management, collation, and copying)

What can your lawyer do / what can be achieved?
- In light of the answers to the above questions, what is realistically possible and/or likely
- At what cost for each option
- What settlement offers and costs protection offers can be made
- In light of the answers to the above questions how should your lawyer's time and your time be used

How much are you willing to spend on this matter?
- What is it really worth to you
- How are you going to finance it
- Have you considered and counted the cost of your time to be spent on the matter


Generally, in order to justify the cost of litigation, unless the amount in dispute is substantial (more than $20,000) there needs to be something more at stake than simply the amount in dispute. If there is no value to be gained from the matter other than recovery of the disputed amount serious consideration should be given to abandoning the dispute, settling the matter, running a "rough and ready" case, and/or using the time and money that would be spent on the case on other, more productive, pursuits.


Once the above questions have been considered, the below summary should be filled out.


Summary of Instructions

Essential value to be derived from the matter (objective):

“Needs” to be addressed by your lawyer:

Work to be undertaken by your lawyer:

Value added by your lawyer – an objective measure to assess the performance of your lawyer (e.g. saving of time/resources elsewhere, stability of working relationship/income, protection of future working relationship/income, provision of legal advice/expertise):

Budget & how financed:

Other notes, directions, and agreements:

________________________________